反間防諜，針對誰？
Counterespionage Efforts: Targeting Whom?
2023年7月1日，新修訂的《中華人民共和國反間諜法》公布施行，為新形勢下防范打擊各種間諜活動、維護國家安全提供了有力法律武器，為以新安全格局保障新發展格局、以高水平安全保障高質量發展筑牢了法治基石。以立法形式維護國家安全，是世界各國的通行做法。《反間諜法》修訂實施近2年來，受到境內境外廣泛關注和普遍支持，但也受到了別有用心的人刻意誤讀和污蔑抹黑，有必要進一步釋疑增信、以正視聽。
On July 1, 2023, the newly revised Counterespionage Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated and came into effect. This law provides not only a robust legal instrument for preventing and punishing espionage activities of all kinds, safeguarding national security in present times. It also offers a sound and solid legal foundation for fostering a new pattern of development with a new security architecture and ensuring high-quality development with high-level security. It is common practice for all countries to safeguard their national security through legislation. In almost two years of its revision and implementation, Counterespionage Law has gained widespread attention and broad support both domestically and internationally. Nevertheless, it has also been deliberately misinterpreted and maliciously smeared by those with ulterior motives, hence the necessity to clarify doubts, reinforce trust, and set the record straight.
——反間防諜針對的是危害我國國家安全的間諜行為。防范、制止和懲治間諜行為，維護國家安全，保護人民利益，是《反間諜法》的立法目的?？茖W界定間諜行為范圍，及時納入法律管制范疇，是實現依法打擊的基本前提。新修訂《反間諜法》立足“保護合法、打擊非法”，通過進一步清晰界定間諜行為的內涵外延，更加準確劃定了合法與非法的行為邊界，既有利于保護和促進正常對外交流合作，又有利于依法懲治間諜違法犯罪行為，實現促發展和保安全的良性互動。比如，《反間諜法》第四條規定了六類間諜行為，每一類均有明確的條件和清晰的界定，極大避免了反間防諜工作中的隨意性，增強了法律適用的確定性，在精準打擊間諜行為的同時，使企業和個人在合法行為范圍內自由開展社會活動，為維護正常的社會秩序提供了法律保障。
——Counterespionage efforts target espionage activities that endanger China's national security.The legislative purpose of Counterespionage Law is to prevent, stop, and punish espionage acts, thereby safeguarding national security and protecting general interests of the people overall. Under such law, the scope of espionage activities is scientifically defined, and provides sound foundational legal insurance as fundamental prerequisites for effective lawful enforcements. Grounded in the principle of “protecting legality while combating illegality”, the revised law clarifies both definition and boundaries of espionage activities thereby more precisely delineating the difference between lawful and unlawful conduct. This approach not only facilitates and promotes healthy international exchanges and cooperations but also strengthens the lawful punishment of espionage crimes, achieving a positive interplay between development and security. For example, Article 4 of Counterespionage Law defines six categories of espionage acts, each with clear criteria and well-defined parameters. This significantly reduces arbitrariness in counterespionage operations, enhances legal certainty in enforcement outcome, and ensures that businesses and individuals can freely engage in social activities within the bounds of the law, thereby providing legal safeguards for maintaining social orders.
——反間防諜針對的是從事間諜行為的機構、組織和人員。近年來，境外間諜情報機關對我滲透竊密活動明顯加劇，手段更加多樣，手法更加隱蔽，目標更加多元，領域更加寬廣，情報竊密無孔不入。我國反間諜工作實行積極防御的方針，目的是防御，防范打擊危害我國家安全的各種間諜活動，嚴厲打擊敵對勢力滲透、破壞、顛覆、分裂活動，不會對他國其他合法組織進行打擊、壓制。《反間諜法》保護的是絕大多數人員的合法權益，打擊的是極少數從事危害我國國家安全間諜行為的組織、機構、人員。只要不是接受境外間諜組織及其代理人的指使，沒有實施刺探、竊取、收買、非法提供國家秘密、情報等行為，就不會被認定為間諜行為。依照《反間諜法》開展反間防諜工作，能夠更好統籌發展和安全，持續營造健康穩定的良好發展環境。
——Counterespionage efforts target organizations, groups, and individuals involved in espionage activities.In recent years, foreign intelligence agencies have intensified their infiltration and espionage activities against China, employing increasingly diversified methods and covert tactics onto broader targets in multiple domains under intelligence theft operations. China’s counterespionage approach follows the principle of active defense, with the fundamental purpose of safeguarding national security by preventing and combating all forms of espionage activities while resolutely opposing infiltration, sabotage, subversion, and separatist activities by hostile forces. It does not target or suppress legitimate organizations of other countries. Counterespionage Law protects the lawful rights and interests of the vast majority while targeting only the very few institutions, organizations, and individuals that engage in activities endangering China's national security. As long as individuals or entities do not act under the direction of foreign espionage organizations or relevant agents, and have not engaged in activities such as spying, stealing, purchasing, or illegally providing state secrets or intelligence, such conduct will not be identified as espionage. The implementation of Counterespionage Law enables better coordination between development and security, fostering a healthy, stable and sustainable environment for China’s future development.
——反間諜工作受到嚴格的法律保護和約束。堅持依法辦事、依法辦案，是開展反間諜工作的基本要求。國家安全機關是反間諜工作的主管機關，嚴格依照國家法律賦予的職權開展反間諜工作，嚴禁超越職權、濫用職權，并依法保障個人和組織的合法權益。國家安全機關始終堅持公開透明的執法監督，2023年4月，國家安全部首次向全社會開通100091信箱-091分箱作為監督舉報專用信箱，開通400-040-5198專線作為監督舉報專用電話；2024年4月26日，國家安全部首次向社會公布《國家安全機關行政執法程序規定》和《國家安全機關辦理刑事案件程序規定》，嚴格規范國家安全機關執法活動，進一步將反間防諜工作置于全社會的監督之下，確保每一項工作都經得起法律和歷史檢驗。
——Counterespionage efforts are strictly governed and constrained by law.Adhering to lawful procedures and judicial fairness constitutes the fundamental requirement for conducting counterespionage work. As competent bodies responsible for counterespionage operations, state security authorities strictly perform their duties within the legal mandate conferred by national legislation, expressly prohibited from overstepping or abusing their authority while safeguarding the lawful rights and interests of individuals and organizations in accordance with the law. This means that these institutions must consistently uphold principles of open and transparent law enforcement supervision. In April 2023, the Ministry of State Security launched for the first time public oversight channels of “Mailbox 100091-091”, as a dedicated supervision platform, and established “400-040-5198” as an all-day operated dedicated supervision hotline. On April 26, 2024, the Ministry publicly released the Provisions on Administrative Law Enforcement Procedures of State Security Organs and the Provisions on Criminal Case Handling Procedures by State Security Organs for the first time. These measures strictly standardize law enforcement activities of state security organs, further placing counterespionage efforts under comprehensive societal supervision to ensure that every counter-measurement withstands the scrutiny of both law and history.
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